Download: Security Update for Windows 7 for x64-based Systems (KB2442962) - Microsoft Download Center - Download Details
Download Security Update for Windows 7 for x64-based Systems (KB2724197) from Official Microsoft Download Center

After installing these, reboot then try SP1 again. If it still fails, run the SURT again and upload the CheckSUR.persist.log please.
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J W Stuart replied on  February 23, 2011See post history
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Steps to take before installing Windows 7 Service Pack 1
How to increase your chances of installing Service Pack 1 successfully.
http://www.pagestart.com/win7sp1steps021611.html
Run the System Update Readiness Tool:
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/947821/en-us
Try Renamng the 'Software Distribution folder':
Click the Start Menu and enter:  %windir%    then press 'OK'
Next: Locate the SoftwareDistribution folder
Right click on the 'SoftwareDistribution' folder and then select the 'Rename' option.
Rename the folder to:  SoftwareDistributionOld   and press the 'ENTER' key.
Windows will create a new 'SoftwareDistribution' folder when needed.
Also: Steps to take before installing Win7 SP1
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2505743
Free unlimited installation and compatibility support is available 
for issues related to Windows 7 Service Packs: Note: Availability of chat, phone or e-mail support differs depending on your geographic location.
Some issues may require more advanced support for which there may be a charge: 
https://support.microsoft.com/oas/default.aspx?&gprid=14496&&st=1&wfxredirect=1&sd=gn
Windows 7 - Service Pack 1 – How to install Step by Step
http://www.pagestart.com/win7sp1sbs02201101.html
Learn how to install Win 7 SP1 
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/learn-how-to-install-windows-7-service-pack-1-sp1
Win7 SP1: Installation tips
http://windowsteamblog.com/windows/b/bloggingwindows/archive/2011/02/16/windows-7-sp1-follow-up.aspx
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Instead of using Windows Update try the SP1 Download:
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=c3202ce6-4056-4059-8a1b-3a9b77cdfdda
For 32-Bit Windows 7 download: windows6.1-KB976932-X86.exe
For 64-Bit Windows 7 download: windows6.1-KB976932-X64.exe
Windows 7 - Service Pack 1 – How to install Step by Step
http://www.pagestart.com/win7sp1sbs02201101.html
JS
http://www.pagestart.com

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Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 are updates to Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 that contains previously released fixes to specific reliability, performance, and compatibility issues. There are certain steps that should be taken before installing Windows 7 SP1 or Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 to help make sure that you will have a successful installation. The suggested preparation steps are as follows:

Back up your important data (this step should always be done prior to installing a major update of any software)
Update your hardware drivers (the main drivers to update are your video driver, printer Driver, network card driver)
Ensure that all Windows Updates are installed(other than Windows 7 SP1 or Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1) , This ensures that all other components are up to date
Install Windows Updates KB2454826, KB2534366, and KB2533552 (these updates will improve a successful installation of the service pack)
Check for Viruses and Malware
Run Windows Update and install Windows 7 SP1 or Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1
Or
Install Windows 7 SP1 or Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 from the Microsoft Download Center