UPCOMING
EVENTS
Thursday,
April 25, 7:30 PM. Monthly Meeting 414 S. Holliston, Caltech Y Lounge.
Help us plan future actions for Earth Day, Tibet, the abolition of the death
penalty and more.
Sunday, April
28, 6:30 PM. Rights Readers Human Rights Book Discussion Group. Vroman's Bookstore (695 E. Colorado Boulevard in
Pasadena) This month we discuss Three Apples Fell From Heaven by Micheline
Ahoranian Marcom. (See inside for more information about the book).
Tuesday, May 14,
7:30 PM. Letter-writing
Meeting at the Athenaeum. Corner of California & Hill in the
basement recreation area. An
informal meeting, a great place for first-timers to ask questions!
Sunday, May 19,
6:30 PM. Rights Readers Human Rights Book Discussion Group. Vroman's Bookstore (695 E. Colorado Boulevard in
Pasadena) This month we discuss Calamities of Exile by Leonard
Weschler. (See inside for more information about the book).
MIDDLE EAST CRISIS
This issue we include two actions on the situation in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, however we encourage you to visit the AIUSA website to learn more, read a brand new report 'The Heavy Price of Israeli Incursions', additional press releases, AI's official letter to the Bush administration and additional actions you can take addressed to Colin Powell, Prime Minister Sharon, President Arafat, and the leader of Hamas concerning this evolving crisis. Please visit:
http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/israel_and_occupied_territories/
ISRAEL/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES
Palestinians in
Jenin Refugee Camp
The Israeli armed forces have reportedly killed scores of Palestinian civilians, and injured hundreds more, in a sustained assault on the Palestinian refugee camp in Jenin on the West Bank. Many more will die unless the Israeli forces stop the attack and withdraw immediately.
The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) have been attacking the Palestinian refugee camp since 3 April. Since yesterday they have been intensifying their attacks using tanks, F16 fighter jets and Apache helicopters armed with Hellfire missiles, in a clearly disproportionate use of lethal force. Many of those who died bled to death because ambulances were unable to reach them, because the IDF have closed off areas, imposed restrictions on movement and frequently shot at ambulances and medical workers. Dozens of houses have been destroyed either to allow wider passage for tanks through narrow streets or because armed Palestinians were allegedly sheltering in them. Eyewitnesses, including an Israeli journalist accompanying the IDF, have described occupants of houses being buried under the rubble.
Refugee camps, where Palestinian exiles have lived since 1948, are very densely populated. The use of tanks and missiles against Palestinians, armed and unarmed, in the camp, is creating very high casualties. The refugee camp has now been under siege for five days, and food and water are running out. This is already leading to a further humanitarian disaster.
RECOMMENDED ACTION: Please send appeals to arrive as quickly as possible:
á expressing concern that the IDF are clearly using excessive force in their attack on Jenin Refugee camp, and calling on the Israeli authorities to investigate the killings in the camps and bring those responsible for unlawful killings to justice;
á calling on the Israeli authorities to end and prevent unlawful killings by ensuring strict compliance with international standards on the use of force and firearms;
á expressing concern that collective punishment is being inflicted on Palestinians in Jenin refugee camp and throughout the West Bank, and calling on the Israeli government to abide by its obligations under international law;
á urging the Israeli authorities to agree to the introduction of international observers with a strong, public and transparent mandate to monitor respect for international humanitarian law and human rights.
APPEALS TO:
Prime Minister Ariel Sharon
Office of the Prime Minister
3 Kaplan Street, PO Box 187
Kiryat Ben-Gurion
Jerusalem 91919, Israel
Fax: 011 972 2 651 2631
Salutation: Dear Prime Minister
Lieutenant-General Shaul Mufaz
Chief of General Staff
c/o Ministry of Defence
7 'A' Street, Hakirya
Tel Aviv, Israel
Fax: 011 972 3 691 6940
Salutation: Dear Lieutenant-General
Benjamin Ben-Eliezer
Minister of Defence
Ministry of Defence
Kaplan Street, Hakirya
Tel Aviv 67659, Israel
Fax: 011 972 3 691 6940
Salutation: Dear Minister
COPIES TO:
Ambassador David Elekana Ivry
Embassy of Israel
3514 International Dr. NW
Washington DC 20008
Fax: 1 202 364 5610
PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY
Protest Death Penalty for 'Collaborators'
Muhammad
Thabet Khalil al-Ra'i (m), aged 47
Sami Khadr Isma'il Hajji
(m), aged 40
Mahmud Muhammad
Abd-al-Salam al-Sharif, 52
Suhayl Shihdah Zaqqut (m),
aged 33
Husam Zuhdi Muhammad
al-Hissi (m), aged 22
The five Palestinian men
named above have been sentenced to death by firing squad, after an unfair
trial, for 'collaborating' with the Israeli intelligence services. The
sentences must be ratified by President Yasser Arafat, after which the men may
be executed at any time.
The public attitude
towards collaborators is extremely hostile, and even if President Arafat does
not ratify the sentences, the men are still in very real danger of being
killed, either inside the prison or if they are released.
The men's trial, before
the State Security Court in Gaza, took place in a single sitting on the evening
of 6 April, during which they did have some access to lawyers. They are now
held in Tel Al Hawa, the headquarters of the Palestinian Preventive Security
Police, in Gaza city.
President Arafat is
besieged in his offices in Ramallah, and at present there appears to be no way
for the sentences to be presented to him for ratification.
The court commuted the
death sentence passed on a sixth man, Abd-al-Halim Mas'ud Hamdan, to 15 years'
hard labor.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Amnesty International has
previously condemned trials by the State Security Court as being grossly
unfair. Trials are often summary,
taking place before military judges, and there is no right of appeal.
Sentences are subject only
to ratification by President Arafat and may be carried out within hours or days
of the trial.
People convicted of
'collaboration' with Israel face extremely harsh treatment. Two were executed in January 2001. Amnesty International delegates who
visited the Palestinian Authority Minister for the Cabinet in March were told
that the Palestinian Authority had promised the European Union not to carry out
any further executions. However, according to reports, at least 28 alleged
'collaborators' have been killed by armed Palestinians this year.
RECOMMENDED ACTION: Please
send appeals to arrive as quickly as possible:
-
calling on President Arafat not to ratify the death sentences
passed on the five men named above and expressing unconditional opposition to
the death penalty;
-
expressing concern that this and other trials before the State
Security Court are grossly unfair, failing to meet even minimum international
standards for fair trial;
-
urging that no more executions be carried out and that the
death penalty be abolished.
APPEALS TO:
Since President Yasser
Arafat is besieged in Ramallah please send appeals to the President's office in
Gaza as follows:
President Yasser Arafat
The President's Office, Gaza
Palestinian Authority
Via Israel
Salutation: Dear President
Arafat
ICC GOES INTO FORCE!
Bush Administration
Threatens to Pull Out
The United Nations hosted
a special treaty event marking the 60th ratification of the Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court (ICC) on April 11, 2002. The 60th ratification
initiates the process of the treaty's entry into force. On July 1, 2002, the
world's first permanent court for investigating and prosecuting individuals
accused of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity will come into
existence.
Despite this development,
the Bush Administration is considering the unprecedented and controversial step
of "unsigning" the ICC treaty. Such an action would be in complete
opposition to the overwhelming global support for the ICC Ð to date, 139
countries have signed the treaty and more than 60 have ratified it. More
ratifications are anticipated in the upcoming weeks.
The Bush Administration
claims that the ICC lacks the safeguards to avoid politically motivated
prosecutions. These fears are unfounded. The ICC's prosecutor is accountable to
the Court's governing body, the Assembly of States Parties, which is comprised
by countries -- many of them allies of the United States -- that have
demonstrated by ratifying the ICC treaty that they are willing to open up their
human rights records not only to the scrutiny of the world, but also to the
enforcement mechanisms of the ICC. The countries that have ratified the ICC
treaty, including nearly the entire European Union, did so only after carrying
out detailed examinations of the Statute and concluding that the fair trial
guarantees and checks and balances in the Statute would prevent politically
motivated prosecutions.
"Unsigning" will
not slow down the process of the ICC being established. It will, however,
antagonize U.S. allies and open the door for other countries to use this
precedent to justify abandoning their international commitments.
Please make your concerns
known to:
President George W. Bush
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20500
president@whitehouse.gov
Vice-President Richard Cheney
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20500
vice.president@whitehouse.gov
Honorable Colin Powell
Secretary of State
U.S. Department of State
Washington, DC 20520
secretary@state.gov
Dr. Condoleezza Rice
Assistant to the President
National Security Affairs
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20500
Honorable Donald Rumsfeld
Secretary of Defense
1000 Defense Pentagon
Washington, DC 20301-1000
www.defenselink.mil/faq/comment.html#Phone
PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE
Ngawang Pekar, Tibetan Monk
Group 22 continues to seek the release of prisoner of conscience (POC) Ngawang Pekar (naw-wan pee-kar), a Tibetan Buddhist monk. Pekar has been imprisoned since 1989 after being arrested by Chinese authorities for participating in a peaceful demonstration in the city of Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, in support of Tibetan independence.
In an encouraging sign, China released another high-profile Tibetan POC this month. In the wake of the release on January 20 of POC Ngawang Choephel, on March 31 POC Jigme Sangpo was released from Drapchi Prison (Tibet Autonomous Region Prison No. 1) on medical parole nine years ahead of his scheduled 2011 release date. Jigme Sangpo, age 76 and a former elementary school teacher, was Tibet's longest serving political prisoner whose latest period of detention began in 1983 when he was given a 15-year sentence for "spreading counter-revolutionary propaganda" after he put up a wall-poster calling for Tibetan independence. His sentence was extended by five years in 1988 after he shouted "reactionary slogans," and by a further eight years in 1991 after he shouted "Free Tibet" during a visit to Drapchi by the Swiss ambassador to China.
Jigme Sangpo was one of the prisoners whose plight was singled out by US ambassador to Beijing Clark Randt ahead of President Bush's visit to China in February. John Kamm, president of the San Francisco-based Duihua Foundation, stated that the release was likely made "in order to improve relations with the United States." Kamm further said he had been told that Chinese authorities began approaching Jigme Sangpo soon after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the US and that "They made the decision that they wanted to take advantage of the situation to improve relations, specifically with the United States but more generally as well." While Amnesty International welcomed the release of Jigme Sangpo and noted that it was "highly unusual," they urged the Chinese authorities to continue with further prisoner releases.
Clearly, the Chinese authorities are utilizing POCs as political pawns, and, as the highest profile prisoners stand the best chance of being released, we need to continue writing on behalf of Ngawang Pekar in an attempt to raise his notoriety. This month, we ask that you write to the relatively newly appointed Director of the Tibet Autonomous Regional Bureau of Justice, MENG Deli. Below is a sample letter:
Dear Director,
I am writing to you out of concern for a prisoner being held in Tibet Autonomous Region Prison No. 1. The prisoner's name is NGAWANG PEKAR (layname: Paljor).
Ngawang Pekar, a Tibetan monk, was arrested in 1989 for participating in a peaceful demonstration in the city of Lasashi and sentenced to 8 years in prison. Subsequently, his sentence was increased by an additional 6 years. Amnesty International considers him to be a prisoner of conscience and I am concerned that he has been imprisoned solely for the peaceful exercise of his universally recognized right to freedom of expression. I am further deeply concerned about reports that he has been beaten and denied access to medical care since his arrest.
I respectfully urge you to request that Ngawang Pekar's case be reviewed and that he be immediately and unconditionally released in accordance with the international laws to which China is signatory. I further request that he be allowed access to independent non-governmental agencies so that his current state of well-being may be determined and made known.
I thank you for your attention to this important matter and would greatly appreciate any further information that your office may be able to provide.
Sincerely,
Address your letter to:
MENG Deli Juzhang
Sifaju
Duodilu, Lasashi 850000
Xizang Zizhiqu
People's Republic of China
Overseas postage for a
normal letter is 80 cents, 70 cents for an aerogram. Should you receive a
reply, please notify Group 22. Also, stay tuned for details about the Memorial
Day weekend event that will feature two Tibetan nuns speaking about their
experiences as prisoners in Drapchi Prison!
CAMPAIGN AGAINST TORTURE
New Report: USA Must Prosecute
Torturers
In March 2000, retired Peruvian Army Major Tomas Ricardo Anderson Kohatsu traveled to the United States to testify before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Before he could leave the country, the Justice Department questioned him regarding allegations that he had tortured two intelligence officers in Peru. Anderson Kohatsu was, however, allowed to return to Peru after the State Department intervened to prevent his arrest. This incident is widely regarded as the U.S. Government's first attempt to initiate action pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ¤ 2340A, which makes it a federal crime to commit torture outside the United States.
That an alleged torturer was identified in the United States is not surprising. Nongovernmental organizations tracking such cases have estimated that hundreds of perpetrators may be living in the United States, an assertion that is not disputed by the director of the federal unit responsible for investigating suspected human rights abusers. Nor is it surprising that U.S. officials failed to prosecute the suspect. In the almost eight years since Congress passed legislation authorizing criminal prosecution for acts of torture committed abroad, not a single torturer has been brought to justice.
As a party to the Convention against Torture, the U.S. is obliged to prosecute or extradite individuals suspected of torture. 18 U.S.C. ¤ 2340A was enacted to implement this obligation. It appears, however, that inadequate resources and a lack of political will are allowing the United States to become a safe haven for some of the world's worst human rights criminals. No office within the federal government has been assigned an exclusive mandate to investigate and prosecute suspected human rights abusers. Nor have funds been appropriated for this task.
The U.S. Justice Department must make the investigation and prosecution of suspected torturers a priority.
The Honorable John Ashcroft
Attorney General
U.S. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20530-0001
Dear Attorney General Ashcroft:
The United States has long condemned torture and other human rights abuses committed abroad, however it has failed to prosecute torturers once they reach America's shores.
In 1994, Congress enacted legislation criminalizing acts of torture committed outside the United States. Almost eight years later, not a single person accused of torture has been prosecuted pursuant to this legislation.
As a party to the Convention against Torture, the U.S. is obliged to investigate and either prosecute or extradite for prosecution individuals suspected of torture. Yet, nongovernmental organizations, and even the federal unit whose mandate includes investigating human rights abusers, estimate that hundreds of perpetrators are currently living in the United States.
I urge you to make the investigation and prosecution of suspected torturers a priority. The United States must not be a safe haven for torturers who are considered hostis humani generis enemies of all humanity. Failure to hold these individuals accountable for their actions is an affront to justice and will only serve to perpetuate violence and other human rights violations.
Thank you for your attention to my concern. I look forward to a response and to learn of the steps that you intend to take to address this issue.
Sincerely, (YOUR NAME and ADDRESS)
LETTER COUNT
Prisoner of Conscience Ngawang
Pekar 1
Israel/OT 4
Zimbabwe Elections 6
Government Action Network 6
Just Earth Network 5
Death Penalty 1
Urgent Actions: 2
Total: 25
Want to add your letters to the
total? Get in touch with lucas.kamp@jpl.nasa.gov
JUST EARTH NETWORK
Digna Ochoa's Colleagues Receive
Threats
On 18 March, Barbara Zamora, a leading human rights lawyer in Mexico city, received a threatening email. Amnesty International is seriously concerned for her safety as she has been threatened in the past and was a close colleague of Digna Ochoa, a prominent human rights lawyer found shot dead on 19 October 2001 in Mexico.
The email threat against Barbara Zamora stated "...choques, accidentes, abogados, urgencias...", "...crashes, accidents, lawyers, emergencies..." and is apparently similar in tone and style to ones received by Digna Ochoa in 1996. More threats were sent to Digna Ochoa between 1996 and 1999, but the authorities repeatedly failed to effectively investigate them.
Barbara Zamora reportedly received threatening telephone calls in 2001 including sounds of gunfire, shouts and requiem music. Those responsible however, have not been identified. She has reported the latest email threat to the Procuradur’a General de Justicia del Distrito Federal, (PGJDF) Federal District Attorney General's Office and the authorities have reportedly offered to provide her with a bodyguard.
In October 2001, following Digna Ochoa's death, at the offices she shared with Barbara Zamora, the Inter-American Court on Human Rights called on the Mexican government to implement protection measures to ensure the safety of a number of human rights defenders at risk, including Barbara Zamora.
The official investigation into Digna Ochoa's death continues. Barbara Zamora and other prominent human rights defenders recently made strong public criticisms of the authorities, following leaked stories in the national media which appeared to indicate that the investigation would conclude that Digna Ochoa had committed suicide and had not been murdered.
Amnesty International is still concerned for the safety of Pilar Noriega, who worked with both B‡rbara Zamora and Digna Ochoa on very high profile cases.
FURTHER RECOMMENDED ACTION: Please send appeals to arrive as quickly as possible, in Spanish or your own language:
- expressing concern at the threatening email received on 18 March 2002 by human rights lawyer B‡rbara Zamora, which is apparently similar in tone and style to those received by Digna Ochoa in 1996;
- urging the authorities to ensure Barbara Zamora's and Pilar Noriega's safety by adopting protection measures in accordance her wishes;
- calling for a prompt, full and impartial investigation into the threatening email, for the results to be made public and for those responsible to be brought to justice;
- reminding the authorities that the UN Declaration on the Rights and Responsibilities of Individuals, Groups and Institutions to Promote and Protect Universally Recognised Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties recognizes the legitimacy of the activities of human rights defenders and their right to carry out their activities without any restrictions or fear of reprisals.
APPEALS TO:
President of the Republic
Lic. Vicente Fox Quesada
Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Residencia Oficial de "Los Pinos"
Col. San Miguel Chapultepec
Mexico D.F., C.P. 11850
MƒXICO
Salutation: Se–or Presidente / Dear Mr President
Attorney General of the Federal District
Mtro. Bernardo B‡tiz V‡zquez
Procurador General del Distrito Federal
Gabriel Hern‡ndez #56, 5¼ piso,
col. Doctores,
MŽxico D.F. 06720
MEXICO
Salutation: Dear Attorney General
Attorney General of the Republic
General Rafael Marcial Macedo de la Concha
Procurador General de la Repœblica
Procuradur’a General de la Repœblica
Reforma Norte esq.Violeta 75
Col. Guerrero
Delegaci—n CuauhtŽmoc
MŽxico D.F., C.P. 06300
MEXICO
Salutation: Dear Attorney General
DEATH PENALTY
Juvenile Scheduled for Execution
in Missouri
Christopher Simmons (m), white, aged 25, is scheduled to be executed in Missouri on 1 May 2002, five days after his 26th birthday. He was sentenced to death in 1994 for a murder committed when he was 17 years old. International law prohibits the execution of people who were under 18 at the time of the crime.
Shirley Crook's body was found on 9 September 1993 in the Meramec River, near St Louis in eastern Missouri. The 46-year-old woman had been tied with electric cable, leather straps and tape. The medical examiner determined the cause of death to be drowning, and found that she had sustained several fractured ribs and substantial bruising.
Christopher Simmons was arrested at school the next day. Despite his age, below-average IQ (88), and the fact that he might face capital charges, he was interrogated, at times aggressively, for two hours by three police officers without a lawyer or parent present. At some point, a senior officer joined the interrogation. He told Christopher Simmons that he was facing the death penalty or life in prison and that it would be in his 'best interest' to tell the truth. After this officer left, the three others repeated this. Christopher Simmons eventually confessed to the murder. The state chose to seek his execution.
A jury convicted Christopher Simmons of first-degree murder on 16 June 1994. The entire sentencing phase took place the next day. The defence lawyers did not present evidence of the physical and emotional abuse to which their teenage client had been subjected by his alcoholic stepfather, who had also introduced his stepson to alcohol as a toddler. From a young age Christopher Simmons took to abusing alcohol and drugs. The jury were left unaware of this, or his mental health problems.
Arguing for execution, the prosecutor urged the jury not to consider the defendant's age as a mitigating factor: 'Let's look at the mitigating circumstances... Think about age. Seventeen years old. Isn't that scary? Doesn't that scare you? Mitigating? Quite the contrary I submit. Quite the contrary.' The federal Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals described these comments as 'improper' and 'condemn[ed] the prosecution for teetering on the edge of misstating the law'. In a 1982 decision, the US Supreme Court had ruled that 'the chronological age of a minor is itself a relevant mitigating factor of great weight' in capital cases. It said that 'the background and mental and emotional development of a youthful defendant [must also] be duly considered in sentencing'.
The prosecutor also urged the jury to vote for execution for the sake of Christopher Simmons' family: 'Show some mercy to his family, give him death... Look at his little brother [who had testified on his brother's behalf]. [He] said it all. Someday I want to grow up to be just like [Christopher]. To be just like him. Spare those kids of that.'
The Eighth Circuit also found these comments to be 'improper' and to have 'no place in an American courtroom', and 'admonish[ed] the prosecutor to consider the implications of placing the burden of an execution on the shoulders of a child, even if that burden exists only in the child's mind or in prosecutorial rhetoric'. The court still upheld the death sentence. Under the United Nations Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, adopted in 1990, prosecutors must 'at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession' and 'perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously, and respect and protect human dignity and uphold human rights'.
BACKGROUND. The execution of people for crimes committed when they were under 18 violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The prohibition on the imposition of the death penalty against child offenders is so widely respected that it has become a principle of customary international law, binding on all countries, regardless of which treaties they have or have not ratified.
There have been 17 executions of child offenders documented worldwide, 10 of them in the USA. The others were in Democratic Republic of Congo (1), Iran (3), Nigeria (1), and Pakistan (2). Last year, Pakistan's President announced that he would commute the death sentences of all young offenders on death row there.
RECOMMENDED ACTION: Please send appeals to arrive as quickly as possible:
- expressing sympathy for the family and friends of Shirley Cook, explaining that you are not seeking in any way to excuse her murder;
- expressing concern that Missouri intends to kill Christopher Simmons, in violation of international law, respected in almost every country, which prohibits the execution of people who were under 18 at the time of the crime, in recognition of the immaturity of young people and their potential for rehabilitation;
- noting that the power of executive clemency exists to compensate for errors and inequities in the legal system, and that the Governor can now consider the mitigating evidence that the jury never heard, as well as taking full account of the improper arguments of the prosecution;
- urging the governor to commute this death sentence in the interest of justice, decency, international law, and the reputation of his state.
APPEALS TO:
Governor Bob Holden
Missouri Capitol Building, Room 218
PO Box 720
Jefferson City, MO 65102-0720
DEATH
PENALTY WEB TIPS
Illinois Moratorium
Study
Repair
or repeal? Read this landmark study for yourself! See if you agree with the majority opinion of the Illinois
moratorium commission that the death penalty should be abolished.
http://www.idoc.state.il.us/ccp
100th
death row inmate found innocent
Learn
more at the Justice Project's website and find out how the Innocence Protection
Act can help prevent the miscarriage of justice.
http://www.justiceproject.org
Have you signed the
petition for a
California Moratorium?
Let's
make it happen in California! To have your signature count for the moratorium
presentation to Governor Davis on May 1, please sign today and tell your
friends!
RIGHTS READERS
Human
Rights Book Discussion Group
Vroman's Bookstore
(695 E. Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena)
Sunday, April 28, 6:30 PM
|
|
Three Apples Fell by Micheline
Ahoranian Marcom Set in 1915-1917-the
years of the Ottoman Turkish government's brutal campaign that resulted in
the deaths of more than a million Armenians- |
Three Apples Fell from Heaven is a breathtaking look at a time marked by unspeakable horror and remarkable courage.
Sunday, May 19, 6:30 PM
|
|
Calamities of Exile by Lawrence Weschler The
three essays in this volume, each long enough to be referred to as a
nonfiction novella, originally appeared in the New Yorker, where Weschler is a staff writer. They engage
directly with the |
theme of political exile by delving into the lives of three exiles: South African author Breyten Breytenbach, who would attempt to reenter the country to participate more actively in the struggle against apartheid, only to be captured and imprisoned; Kanan Makiya, an Iraqi whose Republic of Fear offered many Westerners their first in-depth knowledge of Saddam Hussein's regime; and Jan Karan, a participant in the 1968 revolution in Prague who, after years of running a smuggling operation in and out of Czechoslovakia, would return to his liberated homeland only to be denounced for alleged collaboration with its Communist oppressors.
Editor's Last Word:
Read us on line: http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~aigp22
Martha Ter Maat, 626-281-4039 / mtermaat@hsc.usc.edu
